Quantum Computing and Quantum RF Practical Quantum Topics Informational

How do I design the microwave input line filtering to block thermal photons while passing control pulses?

Designing the microwave input line filtering to block thermal photons while passing control pulses uses a combination of attenuators and filters at each cryogenic temperature stage to progressively reduce the thermal photon population reaching the qubit, while maintaining sufficient signal level for qubit control. The challenge: room-temperature microwave equipment generates thermal noise across a wide bandwidth (approximately -174 dBm/Hz at 300K). At the qubit frequency (5 GHz): the thermal photon number at 300K is n_th approximately 1300. At the qubit chip (20 mK): n_th must be much less than 0.01 (approximately -200 dBm/Hz) to avoid thermally exciting the qubit. The required total attenuation: greater than approximately 60 dB from 300K to the mixing chamber. The filter/attenuator chain: at 300K (room temperature): the signal generator outputs the control pulse at +0 to +10 dBm. At 4K stage: install 20 dB attenuator (thermalized to 4K). This reduces the 300K thermal noise by 20 dB and replaces it with 4K thermal noise. At still stage (700 mK): install 10-20 dB attenuator. At cold plate (100 mK): install 10-20 dB attenuator. At mixing chamber (20 mK): install 10-20 dB attenuator. Additionally: install a low-pass or bandpass filter at the mixing chamber to reject out-of-band thermal noise. The filter passes only the qubit control frequencies (e.g., 4-8 GHz) and rejects everything else (especially infrared radiation that propagates as a multimode signal in the coaxial cable).
Category: Quantum Computing and Quantum RF
Updated: April 2026
Product Tie-In: Cryogenic Components, DACs, ADCs

Cryogenic Input Line Filtering

The input line filtering is designed to ensure that the only photons reaching the qubit are the intentional control photons, with the thermal background suppressed to the quantum ground state.

  • Performance verification: confirm specifications against the application requirements before finalizing the design
  • Environmental factors: temperature range, humidity, and vibration affect long-term reliability and parameter drift
  • Cost vs. performance: evaluate whether the application demands premium components or standard commercial grades
Common Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

How much total attenuation is needed?

For a qubit at 5 GHz: to reduce n_th from 1300 (300K) to less than 0.01 (negligible thermal excitation): total attenuation approximately 60-70 dB, distributed across the cryogenic stages. A typical input line attenuation budget: 20 dB at 4K, 10 dB at still, 10 dB at cold plate, 20 dB at mixing chamber. Total: 60 dB. The signal must be strong enough to drive the qubit after all this attenuation: if the qubit drive power is approximately -130 dBm (at the qubit chip), the room-temperature output must be approximately -130 + 60 = -70 dBm. Signal generators easily provide this level.

What about out-of-band thermal noise?

The coaxial cable carries thermal noise at all frequencies, not just the qubit frequency. At infrared frequencies (THz): the 300K blackbody spectrum carries significant power. This infrared radiation propagates down the cable in higher-order modes and can couple into the qubit chip, causing heating and decoherence. Infrared filtering: Eccosorb filters (highly absorptive above approximately 20 GHz) at the mixing chamber block the infrared. Metal powder filters (copper or stainless steel powder in epoxy, inside a coaxial housing) also provide excellent infrared absorption. These filters are essential for achieving the longest qubit coherence times.

Can I use commercial filters?

Yes: several companies provide cryogenic-compatible filters and attenuators: XMA/SMA attenuators: standard room-temperature attenuators work at cryogenic temperatures. Thermalize the body to the stage temperature. K&L Microwave: bandpass and low-pass filters rated for cryogenic operation. Custom-built Eccosorb and metal-powder filters: these are fabricated in-house by most quantum computing labs (recipes and designs are widely published). Zurich Instruments SHFQC: includes built-in output attenuation settings that partially compensate for the cryogenic attenuation, simplifying the calibration.

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