PD

Power Density

/pow-er den-sih-tee/
Power density is the radiated power per unit area at a given distance from a transmitter, measured in W/m^2 or mW/cm^2. For an isotropic radiator: PD = P_tx/(4*pi*R^2). For a directional antenna: PD = EIRP/(4*pi*R^2) in the beam direction. Power density is the primary metric for RF safety compliance (FCC, ICNIRP exposure limits) and for calculating received power in link budgets.
Category: Electromagnetics
Related to: EIRP, Antenna, FSPL, Safety, Link Budget
Units: W/m^2, mW/cm^2

Understanding Power Density

Power density connects transmit power and antenna gain to the actual electromagnetic field intensity experienced at a distance. It is fundamental for both link budget calculations and RF safety assessment.

Power Density Calculations

Power density (free space):
PD = EIRP / (4 pi R^2)

Example: 100 W EIRP at 100 m:
PD = 100 / (4 pi * 10000) = 0.80 mW/m^2

FCC general public limit (> 1.5 GHz):
PD = 1 mW/cm^2 = 10 W/m^2

Occupational limit:
PD = 5 mW/cm^2 = 50 W/m^2
Common Questions

Frequently Asked Questions

What is power density?

Power density is radiated power per unit area (W/m^2). PD = EIRP/(4*pi*R^2). Used for RF safety compliance and link budgets. FCC general public limit: 1 mW/cm^2. Decreases with 1/R^2 distance law.

How do I calculate safe distance?

R_safe = sqrt(EIRP / (4 pi PD_limit)). For 1000 W EIRP and 1 mW/cm^2 limit: R = sqrt(1000/(4 pi * 10)) = 2.8 m. This is the minimum safe distance for the general public in the main beam.

What are the RF safety limits?

FCC (US): 1 mW/cm^2 general public, 5 mW/cm^2 occupational (above 1.5 GHz). ICNIRP (international): 1 mW/cm^2 public, 5 mW/cm^2 occupational. Below 1.5 GHz: limits scale with frequency.

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